Saturday, January 25, 2020

Environmental And Family Factors Social Work Essay

Environmental And Family Factors Social Work Essay It is important to note that pseudonyms have been used throughout the case study in order to protect confidentiality, in adherence with the NMC (2008) Code: Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. Health visiting practice involves the planning of activities aimed at improving the physical, mental, emotional and social health and wellbeing of the population, preventing disease and reducing inequalities in health (DoH, 2006). Children who come from families with multiple risk factors and are even more likely to be disadvantaged in terms of poor health and social outcomes such as developmental delay, behaviour problems, safeguarding concerns, mental illness, substance misuse, teenage parenting, low educational attainment and offending behaviour (WAG, 2012). The role of the Health Visitor is to identify children and families that are at high risk and or have low protective factors and to ensure that they have a personalised service to meet their needs. The services required may range from one off interventions to long term intensive support. The Health Visitor will ensure that adequate supportive resources are allocated to the family and will engage and work with key partners/agen cies to meet the wider health needs of the children and families (WAG, 2012). This case study will explore the needs of a family within the student health visitors practice case load. Lisa, a 24 year old mother of three, was living in a third floor flat without a working lift. Her partner Chris was working fulltime so she was left to alone look after a baby and three year old twins. This meant Lisa was effectively trapped in the flat as she felt unable to safely move all the children downstairs to get out. This came to the attention of the health visitor who was concerned that Lisa was 7 weeks postnatal and had not been attending well baby clinic with the baby as planned. Consequently a follow up home visit was arranged to compete the babys 8-week check and it was an opportunity for Lisa to complete the Edinburgh Postnatal Scale (EPDS) as per local trust policy. During the follow up visit Lisa disclosed to the student and Practice Teacher that she had been feeling low and was finding it difficult to get motivated. Lisa was aware that not leaving the flat durin g the week when Chris was at work was having a negative effect on her own wellbeing and her childrens development. She stated that her relationship with Chris had become increasingly strained; he was working long hours at a local factory in order to provide for his family, which resulted in the couple spending very little time together. Lisa also disclosed that they had not planned to have any more children after having the twins due to financial difficulties, but Lisa had become pregnant while taking the contraceptive pill. Lisa mentioned that on occasions, when Chris comes home in the evening, the twins would still be in their pyjamas and he was becoming increasingly frustrated with the situation; however, he was aware that Lisa was enduring a significant lack of sleep during the night due to the baby waking for feeds and understood she was exhausted in the day needing to meet the needs of two active three year old girls. Lisa stated she felt isolated and trapped by the situation but felt helpless and unable to improve how she was feeling due to the factors which were out of her control. The lack of social housing and the high cost of private rental properties meant that the family were unable to move. Lisa and Chris both had difficult relationships with their families and had limited social support. Lisas EPDS result was 18 which was of concern, however, research suggests that this screening process may not be leading to effective identification of PND, with studies finding that more than half the cases of PND are unrecognised by health visitors and GPs (Kulsar, 2011; Seeley et al, 1996). This family was chosen for discussion because a significant body of evidence has emerged including the recent reviews by Tickell (2011), Field (2010) and Marmot (2010) indicate that the initial first years of a childs life have a major impact on their overall health potential, and future happiness and wellbeing. The Millennium Cohort findings also suggest that during the early years of a childs life, maternal depression can have a significant effect on healthy attachment and bonding which can have profound effects later in life. Experiencing mental health problems is extremely difficult at any time, however, there are considerably greater implications when experienced during pregnancy and the postnatal period, possibly leading to serious consequences for the mother, her infant and family members (NICE, 2007). PND is defined by Robertson (2010) as a non-psychotic depressive condition that can often affect women in the first six months following childbirth. Conversely, Gibson et al. (2009) define PND as a mental and emotional disorder, which can often occur in women up to one year after child birth. Robertson (2010) identifies that the symptoms of PND do not differ from symptoms of mild to moderate depression experienced at other times except for the likelihood that the baby will often be the focus of the womens worries, thoughts and feelings, which develop into a deep longer term depression. The Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Death (2008) reported PND as the leading cause of maternal death in the UK. Th e enquiry reported 29 maternal deaths were as a result of suicide during pregnancy or within the first six months postnatal. WHO (2010) predicts that depression will be a leading primary cause of disability due to ill health by the year 2020. Mental health is a central public health issue that should be a priority and PND is a significant contributor to this public health issue, with a number of studies showing women are of increased risk of developing depression following childbirth than at any other time in their lives (Almond, 2009). There is a plethora of literature relating the prevalence of PND. The Department of Health (2011) and Royal College of Psychiatrists (2011) report that 1 in 10 mothers in the United Kingdom experience PND, which is the statistic frequently quoted. However, Almond (2009) argues that the true incidence is much higher, estimating that as many as 1 in 5 women suffer PND. Most episodes of PND resolve spontaneously within three to six months but evidence indicates 1 in 4 affected mothers continue to suffer for more than a year after childbirth (BMJ, 2010). Evidence from a recent study by Kulcsar (2011) reveals that 70,000 mothers in the UK suffer from PND each year and half of these mothers and their families suffer in silence each year. The sooner a mother with PND gets help, the less damaging it will be for her and her family, but early treatment depends on being able to recognise the condition. In the majority of cases the health visitor will be the first and only contact with individual or family experiencing difficulties in their mental health (CPHVA, 2009; Millar and Walsh, 2000). Therefore the health visitors role is pivotal in the detection of PNDthrough the screening procedures and during the subsequent referral process. It is essential therefore that the health visitor has the skills necessary for the detection of mental health problems and is able to deliver interventions that promote a clients mental health; early identification and support for families is a key intervention highlighted by WAG (2012). The health visitors role is to assess for depression using national recommendations (NICE, 2007). Identifying needs and recognising the appropriate level of need can be achieved through several approaches. Maslow (1954) introduced the concept of a hierarchy of needs. This hierarchy is often presented as a pyramid. The bottom level of the pyramid forms the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once the lower-level of need have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Like Carl Rogers, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential. This assignment will now explore the framework utilised for the assessment of the familys needs. In cases where there is a perceived need The Welsh Assembly Government (2006) advocates the use of a holistic needs assessment to be carried out by the health visitor. The framework adapted and implemented by the local trust (Local Trust, 2008) is based on the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) (Department of Health, 2000) which offers an effective tool for early identification of additional needs. The CAF provides the health visitor with a consistent approach to the systematic collection and recoding of information that focuses on the childs needs and strengths, taking account the role of parents, carers and the impact of wider environmental factors on parental capabilities, in order to gain a holistic view of a familys situation. However, this would not be possible without effectively engaging the family within the process, this requires being open and honest with parents and appreciatin g that they may be fearful that they are being viewed as failing (Aldgate and Bradley, 1999). The structure of the assessment framework provides a basis for implementing support and appropriate intervention and a mechanism for the health visitor to make judgements on how best to support the family such as making appropriate referrals and sharing information within agencies in order to raise awareness within the multi-disciplinary team of the factors which are impacting on the familys health and well-being. The health visitor has a lead role in co-ordinating agencies in order to ensure that the family is not overwhelmed with contacts unnecessarily. The health visitors role also involves anticipating and reacting to needs as they present plus maintaining up-to-date, accurate documentation that includes a record of the involvement of other services.. In this way, provision of appropriate services are determined and made available as the need arises (DoH, 2004). Appleton and Cowely (2008) states the assessment of a familys health need is a vital element of health visiting practice and requires the health visitor to utilise many skill, knowledge and judgements to make a pivotal assessment in assessing need, safeguarding children and in determining levels of health intervention to be offered to children and their families. For the purpose of the case study the domains of the framework will be discussed individually concentrating on the childs developmental needs, parenting capacity and family and environmental factors. The Assessment Framework (DoH, 2000) assisted the student health visitor to contemplate the wider determinates of health such as the social, economic and environmental conditions which have an impact on health (Dahlgren and Wightehead, 1991). In relation to this case study the rationale for a follow up home visit was that Lisa had not been attending well-baby clinic with Amy as planned. The student health visitor had not previously met Lisa thus the home visit provided a valuable opportunity for her to form a relationship with Lisa in the security of her own home and facilitated the initial assessment (Streeting, 2010). Environmental and family factors The home visit was a valuable opportunity for the student health visitor to begin to make an assessment of the home environment in order to ascertain if it is a safe, appropriate environment for a child to live in. Lisa and Chriss flat appeared to be a relatively hygienic environment with necessities such as water/heating/sanitation facilities and cooking amenities; sleeping arrangements were suitable. The family were experiencing financial difficulties. Although Chris was employed the household income was low. Lisa was unemployed having previously worked in retail prior to having children, but due to lack of childcare the couple had made the decision that she would stay at home to look after the children. The effects of hardship can increase the likelihood of behavioural problems that can affect a childs ability to learn, which in turn affects educational and economic outcomes and these adverse behaviours can have long-term detrimental effects on the dynamics of low-income families (Duncan, Claussens, and Engel, 2004). Lisa and Chris live in an area with adequate amenities such as a local General Practitioners Surgery and pharmacy, with good transport system to the nearby towns. However, Lisa and the children had become isolated in their home due to Lisas current mental health issues and lack of support. Housing was a factor that was adding to the difficulties Lisa was experiencing, specifically the issue relating to leaving the flat and having no operational lift. Shelter (2012) recommend that housing and childrens services work together to collect information that identifies the impact of bad housing on outcomes. Completing a CAF will assists the health visitor to identify causes for concern and liaise with local the housing department where appropriate. In full consultation with Lisa, a letter was provide to the local housing authority highlighting concerns the family had. Joint Working Shelter believes that a stable home and immediate environment are fundamental to the wellbeing of children. Research by Shelter (2006) shows that outcomes are seriously undermined if there is failure to recognise problems and put a childs need for a stable and decent home at the heart of any practice. Lisa and Chris were awaiting a move to a house and at the point of writing this case study they we re still situated in the flat, however, the lift had been repaired but continued to be out of use on several occasions. As Lisas mental health was a cause for concern an assessment was undertaken by using the 10 question Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), (See Appendix 2). It is acknowledged as a valuable and effective way of identifying mothers experiencing depression (Cox et al, 1987). The EPDS is a tool that is simple but effective screening tool. Mothers who score above 13 are likely to be suffering from depressive symptoms. The EPDS score should not override clinical judgment. Lisa scored 18 out of 30 and it was agreed that she would make an appointment with her GP for further assessment, to confirm the diagnosis and discuss treatment options. Listening visits were then offered; this is a form of treatment provided by the health visiting service. A study by Turner et al (2010) indicated all 22 women who were interviewed after receiving this service reported the visits as beneficial, although many of them had also required additional intervention to manage their symptoms. For women with mild to moderate mental health problems, active listening provides opportunities for women to describe their experiences and tell their stories, and represent a useful way of establishing good rapport (Kulsar, 2011). A fundamental strategy in the promotion of maternal mental health is the use of effective skills to form a therapeutic relationship. Health visiting is recognised as being a relationship-based activity (Cowley, 1995 and Kendall, 1993). It is essential therefore that the health visitor has the skills necessary for the detection of mental health problems and is able to deliver interventions that promote a clients mental health through fostering good, open communication. Research by Saunders (2001) into assessing a familys needs and vulnerability has demonstrated that a client-centred, open approach promotes a trusting relationship that is empowering. Developmental needs The Assessment Framework DoH (2000) recognises that consideration should also be given to any social or environment disadvantages that can have an impact on the childs development. Amy was now seven weeks old and from holistic observation and assessment of her growth measurements she was at the normal stage of health and development for her age. Lisa was due to attend her 8 week postnatal visit with her GP the following week. The World Health Organisation (2008) reports that maternal mental health is inextricably linked with both physical and psychological development of children. Tackling the maternal mental health needs is likely to benefit these important outcomes. Field (2010) supports this, stating that maternal physical and mental health is a key driver of life chances throughout childhood which can have a major impact on inequalities in health and wellbeing as an adult. When PND is untreated it is associated with many adverse effects on the infant and can impact on child devel opment with potentially severe consequences in behavioural and physical development (Smith, 2011; Meredith and Noller, 2003). Bowlby (1988) identified the importance of attachment between mother and infant, highlighting the infants need for a responsive parental figure that is both physically and emotionally available. More recent evidence indicates that a depressed mother may not be able to provide the attention and stimulus an infant requires in the early stages required for emotional and cognitive development. The consequences initially can be behavioural problems, issues with eating and sleeping, plus delay in speech development which can lead to problems socialising (Smith, 2011). Lack of maternal bonding and responsiveness in situations where mothers experience long-term depression can significantly affect a childs self-esteem and increase their own chances of developing depression later in life, reducing their quality of health and wellbeing (Murray et al., 2011). The Acheson report (1998) reinforces this by saying the best way to reduce inequalities in a childs mental and physical health is to focus on the interventions offered to parents. The evidence also indicates PND may lead to relationship breakdown which can have a destructive effect on the family and society as a whole (Field, 2010). Parenting Capacity Providing for the childs physical and emotional needs involves ensuring appropriate provision of food, drink, warmth, shelter, clean and appropriate clothing and adequate personal hygiene in a secure safe, stimulating environment; parents should also be able to communicate positively verbally and non-verbal (body language), which is fundamental to a childs health and development (Cowie, 2012; DoH, 2000). Cowie (2012) states that how and to what extent a parent interacts and the extent of infant attachment can be influenced by any difficulties the parent is experiencing. In this particular case the assessment of Lisas low mood could affect her ability to parent to full capacity in offering the components necessary for positive parent/infant bonding and attachment to occur, which is vital to the development of a child (Department of Health, 2004). Lisas emotional health was a cause for concern. The Department of Health (2000) reinforce this suggesting that a parents emotional health has an impact on parenting and the nature and quality of early attachments, which in turn can affect the characteristics of the childs temperament, adaptation to change, response to stress and degree of appropriate self-control. Therefore, by utilising the Assessment Framework, the needs and problems presented by the family were identified (DOH, 2000). Early recognition of parental issues is important to establish supportive, child-focused interventions; the needs of the child must always be paramount (Local trust, 2008). The assessment the National Service Framework, WAG (2006) recognises that appropriate interventions and referrals should be made to other agencies if needs or problems are identified. The DOH (2010) puts forward the notion that working with such a complex situation requires an appropriate level of knowledge, understanding, skills and abilities. The CPHVA (2009) would agree as they suggest that assessing the risks for children relies on the skills, knowledge and abilities of the health visitor, therefore it is essential that all relevant information is shared between professionals. Consequently, Lisa was informed that, due to me being a student, my practice teacher (her health visitor) would need to be informed of all information disclosed. It was explained to Lisa that this was to ensure that the family gained the correct level of support. An important role of the health visitor is sign posting and involving other agencies, including those within the voluntary sector that can for some families provide the most valuable intervention. Supporting parents is central to the current governments approach to improving childrens lives, which was highlighted in the strategy paper Every Child Matters (DoH, 2003). It has been acknowledged for some time that family support services should be offered where needs have been assessed, and where there is a probability of increasing positive outcomes for children and families (McAuley et al, 2004). A timely referral was made, with Lisas full informed consent, to Home-Start which is a voluntary organisation situated locally but also operating on a national level and is one of the leading family support charities within the UK. The service is based on carefully selected and appropriately trained volunteers offering regular confidential and non-judgemental support and friendship. Practical help is given to young families under stress in their own homes thus preventing family crisis or breakdown. Home visiting volunteers are available to call weekly, and support can continue for as long as the family needs it or until the youngest child turns five. The objectives of Home-Start are to safeguard, protect and preserve good health, both mental and physical, of children and parents. Not having a good support network and having a partner that works long hours increased Lisas feelings of isolation and loneliness which contributed to the development of PND. Following referral, Lisa and her matched volunteer got on well together and the volunteer helped her get motivated to leave her flat and get out for short walks initially. Lisa was able to use some of her volunteers home-visiting time getting little jobs done, such as hanging the washing out. Lisas Home-Start volunteer offered her vital links into the community, helping her access a mother and baby group, which provided a further opportunity for Lisa to build a support network that would help her to increase her confidence and parenting skills. McAuley et al (2004) state that mothers receiving the support of a Home-Start volunteer when they were experiencing high levels of stress reported that they valued the service and considered that it had a positive effect on their lives and relationships with their children and partners. Conversely, research carried out by Health Visitors in Formby made suggestions that more intensive short-term support service (maybe twice week for parents who may have PND or multiple births) would enhance the outcomes. However, in Lisas situation, the weekly listening visits provided by the health visitor provided an increased level of intervention, which proved successful. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), accurate documentation and record keeping is vital and therefore clear, concise and factual documentation was provided in the Child Health records, recording all home visits made to the family home and telephone conversations. Hoban (2005) clearly illustrates the importance of accurate and effective record-keeping as he suggests that it is fundamental to high quality care. Lynch (2009) comments that accurate record-keeping also enables effective communication with other professionals involved in patients care. Additionally, the CPHVA (2009) clearly illustrate that the health visitor has a responsibility to consult with colleagues, other agencies if they have concerns for safeguarding and protecting childrens welfare and to make a referral to Childrens Services when the threshold regarding the risk of harm is reached. The effectiveness of utilising the Assessment framework and intervention strategies can be evaluated by reflecting on practice. For example the Gibbs (1988) model of reflection will be used, as this model is clear and precise allowing for description, analysis and evaluation of the experience helping the reflective practitioner to make sense of experiences and examine their practice and provide an action plan for future care (Paget, 2001). As within this case study partnership working was the key to draw upon the essential knowledge, skills and experience of healthcare professionals to improve the health inequalities that were affecting the familys health. In conclusion there is a powerful body of evidence to show that what a child experiences during the early years lays down a foundation for the whole of their life. A childs physical, social, and cognitive development (The Marmot Review, 2010)

Friday, January 17, 2020

Cell Phone

Tia Jeffries English 101 Mrs. Baker 17 March 2013 Positive Effects of Cellular Phones in Society The cellular phone is perhaps one of the greatest innovations known to man. The cellular phone coupled with technological advancements has influenced the lives of people from all lifestyles globally. However, the cellular phone has undergone massive evolution over time from the bulky hand-held telephone at its beginning to the hand-held mobile devices it is today. Through evolution the cellular phone has a positive effect on society. The cellular phone started essentially as a communication device.However, it has evolved into a personal organizer, a mobile office, an instrument of distribution of culture and knowledge among other utilities. The society has seemingly evolved alongside the cellular phone. Notable, is the effect the cellular phone has had on the manner the society communicates, engages in business, entertains itself, and generates popular culture (Hanson 213). The present so ciety is so reliable on the cellular phone that it cannot imagine a day without it. In essence, the cellular phone has helped today’s society to be what it is by influencing literary every aspect of living in the twenty-first century.This includes being interconnected, more knowledgeable, innovative, and globalized. What follows are a few aspects of the society that have benefitted from the cellular phone. Communication is perhaps the single biggest gain for the society because of cellular phones. Although this was the original intention of the cellular phones during their inception, advancements in this area has seen increased benefits to the society (Murray 59). To begin with, people may easily keep in touch globally through voice services and short messaging services (sms) also known as texting (Baldwin, n. d. . In addition, advanced models of cellular phones allow sending of electronic mail and sharing of photos and videos (Pandey, 2012). Major advancements in the increas e of frequencies of cellular communication and broadening of data transfer bandwidths allow exchange of large contents of information. One of such advancements that come with improved cellular phone models is video calls that allow regular phone voice calls to be accompanied by videos of the caller and the receiver (Katz 212). This gives a near realistic effect to communication that resembles face-to-face communication.Increased accessibility to mobile devises has also contributed greatly to the number of people able to communicate using cellular phones (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have also drastically reduced the cost of communication. This has been occasioned by the low costs of calling as compare to the previous models of using fixed line telephones, which cost more especially for long distance calls. In addition, the cost of the cellular phones themselves has drastically reduced due to increased competition among manufactures and improved manufacturing technologies. The fact that cellular phones are hand-held devices makes communication convenient.One can communicate while engaging in other activities like walking, queuing at a bank or supermarket, and riding in a bus, train, or car. This allows people to multitask which saves time (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have increased the level of safety and the feeling of security in the society. This is because a cell phone is a mobile device that is carried by people everywhere they are. Therefore, the cell phone becomes useful in times of emergency. For instance, one may call for help in cases of motor accidents, sudden sickness, robbery, elevator failure, and other similar events (Stewart, 2008).In fact, cell phones are coded at the manufacturing factory, with emergency call numbers that one can use, even if one does not have calling units; what is referred to as emergency service. These include 911, police line numbers, ambulance numbers, customer care numbers for calling the cell phone service provider s among others. There are also other service numbers that may be used on emergencies where the receiver of the call absorbs the calling charge also known as 0-800- service. The cellular phone, through GPS may be used to track individuals and determine the location of a cell phone carrier.For example, parents can keep track of their children through this service (Goggin 136). This is especially useful when dealing with teenage children who may sometimes involve themselves in deviant behavior if not well supervised by the parents. In addition, if one is lost, one can determine the location by using the GPS service in the cellular phone (Stewart, 2008). In fact, this service may also be used to track vehicles in case of a car robbery. This works by fitting a vehicle with a SIM card, which the vehicle owner can communicate with to determine the vehicle’s location.The cellular phone acts as a transmitter, which makes this kind of tracking possible (Unhelkar 36). This application h as also gained prominence in the tracking of lost cellular phones even if they are switched off. The Samsung Corporation presently has phone tracking as a standard feature in its cellular phone models, which makes it possible for a person to track a lost or stolen phone. Cellular phones have greatly reduced in size since their inception. This has made them become known as mobile devices meaning they can be easily be carried along, fitting in confined spaces like in the pocket of an individual.The miniaturization of this device has gained much from advancement in technology. One of these gains is from the increase in range that the device can be used. Cellular phones can now be used over longer ranges than before (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, the cellular phone incorporates multiple devices, all compressed into a mobile device. Thirdly, with the use of accessories like hands free, the cellular phone may allow increased mobility of the user (Unhelkar 98). Fourthly, the present cellular phone has almost similar capabilities as a laptop computer, only smaller.For instance, the Iphone by Apple Inc. is able to do anything, similar to a regular laptop (Goggin 77). However, the Iphone has the advantage is being smaller thus enhancing mobility of the user. Cellular phones have gained tremendously from major technological advancements to the benefit of the society. Originally, cellular phones only provided voice call services. However, cellular phones now provide a varied bouquet of services, which include messaging, video calls and video conferencing, chatting, and sharing of photos (Stewart, 2008).Major innovations in cellular phones have seen them become more that communication devises due to incorporation of other functionalities. Firstly, one of these functionalities includes calculators, alarms, and reminders, which assist in personal organization (Easton 291). Secondly, the cellular phone has incorporated entertainment applications, which include games, music, and video playing capabilities (Goggin 130). Thirdly, the cellular phone has also incorporated traditional mass communication devises like the television and radio (Hanson 73).Finally, the cellular phone now includes cameras, voice and video recorders and flashlights (Hanson 91). All this make the cellular phone a compact tool with multiple functions for the convenience of the user. The cellular phones have contributed to enhancement of economic productivity in various ways. Firstly, cell phones have removed the necessity of physical meetings by offering video conferencing services and other services where more than two people can speech to each other at the same time (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, business transactions can take place faster and remotely.For instance, one can pay for goods using mobile money transfers via cell phones without having to send the money physically (Easton 19). Thirdly, cellular phones now have several applications like calendars, reminders, voice recorders, alarms, and note keepers that help in the organization of the activities of an individual (Admin, 2010). Lastly, businesses can now advertise their products through the cellular phone. Such advertisements come in form of text messages and picture messages and may sometimes be accompanied with prize rewards (Easton 121).This phenomenon is proliferated by the low cost of using cellular phones as opposed to the traditional advertisement that uses commercials and posters to get the attention of probable customers. All this applications have improved efficiency and convenience of doing business while keeping the cost low thus enhancing productivity. The cellular phone has immensely increased the access to internet and its related services. It is now possible to obtain an internet-enabled cellular phone at a low price depending of the connectivity technology used.There are several technologies in use for accessing internet via cellular phones and these include GPRS, EDGE, 2G, WAP, 3G, 3. 5G, UTMS, and HSPDA among others (Hanson 42). These technologies differ in speed, range, and volume transfer capabilities. Access to internet opens up a world of other possibilities of applications of the cellular phone, which include modes of communication, commerce, knowledge acquisition, health and other social issues. For instance, increased internet access increases the proliferation of online communities where individuals can discuss and share their interests through social media (Katz 78).Secondly, increased access to internet facilitates commerce. This includes online business transactions, marketing, and product improvement through customer feedback among others (Hanson 59). Thirdly, it broadens and even transforms the ways of doing business by offering low cost alternatives suitable for small business startups, which may have a positive effect in the society’s wellbeing (Unhelkar 41). Lastly, increased internet access facilitates globalization (Katz 33). This is due to the increased sharing of culture and broadening of economies without the confines of geographical borders.It is evident that the cellular phone has had profound effect on the society, which is largely positive. These include enhanced communication speeds and quality, increased feeling of security among individuals, increased mobility of the user and advancement in technology, which has brought many devices and functionalities into the cellular phone. In addition, the cellular phone has contributed immensely to increased productivity and increased internet access. From these aspects, the society has gained much from the cell phone. Works Cited Admin. â€Å"Cell Phones and Their Positive Effects in the Society. Cell Phone Brands and News for Cell Phone Fans. N. P. , 30 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. They have played an important and positive role when it comes to the operation of different businesses. Baldwin, Anya. â€Å"Positive Effects of Cellphone Technology in the Workplace. † Small Business. n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Multiple Lines, More Direct Line of Communication, On-Call Availability, and Texting, is all available when using a cell phone. Easton, Jaclyn. Going Wireless: Transform Your Business with Mobile Technology. New York: Harper Business, 2002. Print.In this journalist story, Jaclyn Easton talks about the advantages of wirelessly fortifying your mobile workforce of itinerant executive, sales personnel, also field service technicians as well as how wireless is dramatically redefining customer service, marketing advertising. Goggin, Gerard. Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Drawing on a range of national, regional, and international examples, this text explores the new forms of consumption and use of communication and media technology that the phenomenon of mobiles represents.Hanson, Jarice. 24/7: How Cell Phones and the Internet Change the Way We Live, Work, and Play. Westport, Conn: P raeger, 2007. Print. The revolution in online services and mobile phone use changed our lives at the turn of the 21st century. This book demonstrates that these technologies enable us to work and play 24/7 Katz, James. Magic in the Air: Mobile Communication and the Transformation of Social Life. New Brunswick, N. J: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Print. In this volume, James E. Katz, a leading authority on social consequences of communication technology, nalyzes the way new mobile telecommunications affect daily life both in the United States and around the world. Murray, James. Wireless Nation: The Frenzied Launch of the Cellular Revolution in America. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. , 2001. Print. Wireless Nation details how the genesis of the cell phone business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. But this colorful, engaging account of cellular's strange history is much more than a business narrative. Pandey, Kundan. Advantages of mobile phones. 3 December 2012. Web. 15 March 2013. It is hard to im agine a world without cell phones now. Stewart, Douglas. How Cell Phones Have Changed Our Lives. † Articlesbase. com. 28 May 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Cell phones made multitasking a brand new meaning. You can talk to family members that far away, if you are lost you have GPS or can call for help. Many more advantages come from cell phones. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. Unhelkar, Bhuvan. Handbook of Research in Mobile Business: Technical, Methodological, and Social Perspectives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2009. Print. This book collects the latest research advances in the rapidly evolving field of mobile business Cell Phone Tia Jeffries English 101 Mrs. Baker 17 March 2013 Positive Effects of Cellular Phones in Society The cellular phone is perhaps one of the greatest innovations known to man. The cellular phone coupled with technological advancements has influenced the lives of people from all lifestyles globally. However, the cellular phone has undergone massive evolution over time from the bulky hand-held telephone at its beginning to the hand-held mobile devices it is today. Through evolution the cellular phone has a positive effect on society. The cellular phone started essentially as a communication device.However, it has evolved into a personal organizer, a mobile office, an instrument of distribution of culture and knowledge among other utilities. The society has seemingly evolved alongside the cellular phone. Notable, is the effect the cellular phone has had on the manner the society communicates, engages in business, entertains itself, and generates popular culture (Hanson 213). The present so ciety is so reliable on the cellular phone that it cannot imagine a day without it. In essence, the cellular phone has helped today’s society to be what it is by influencing literary every aspect of living in the twenty-first century.This includes being interconnected, more knowledgeable, innovative, and globalized. What follows are a few aspects of the society that have benefitted from the cellular phone. Communication is perhaps the single biggest gain for the society because of cellular phones. Although this was the original intention of the cellular phones during their inception, advancements in this area has seen increased benefits to the society (Murray 59). To begin with, people may easily keep in touch globally through voice services and short messaging services (sms) also known as texting (Baldwin, n. d. . In addition, advanced models of cellular phones allow sending of electronic mail and sharing of photos and videos (Pandey, 2012). Major advancements in the increas e of frequencies of cellular communication and broadening of data transfer bandwidths allow exchange of large contents of information. One of such advancements that come with improved cellular phone models is video calls that allow regular phone voice calls to be accompanied by videos of the caller and the receiver (Katz 212). This gives a near realistic effect to communication that resembles face-to-face communication.Increased accessibility to mobile devises has also contributed greatly to the number of people able to communicate using cellular phones (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have also drastically reduced the cost of communication. This has been occasioned by the low costs of calling as compare to the previous models of using fixed line telephones, which cost more especially for long distance calls. In addition, the cost of the cellular phones themselves has drastically reduced due to increased competition among manufactures and improved manufacturing technologies. The fact that cellular phones are hand-held devices makes communication convenient.One can communicate while engaging in other activities like walking, queuing at a bank or supermarket, and riding in a bus, train, or car. This allows people to multitask which saves time (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have increased the level of safety and the feeling of security in the society. This is because a cell phone is a mobile device that is carried by people everywhere they are. Therefore, the cell phone becomes useful in times of emergency. For instance, one may call for help in cases of motor accidents, sudden sickness, robbery, elevator failure, and other similar events (Stewart, 2008).In fact, cell phones are coded at the manufacturing factory, with emergency call numbers that one can use, even if one does not have calling units; what is referred to as emergency service. These include 911, police line numbers, ambulance numbers, customer care numbers for calling the cell phone service provider s among others. There are also other service numbers that may be used on emergencies where the receiver of the call absorbs the calling charge also known as 0-800- service. The cellular phone, through GPS may be used to track individuals and determine the location of a cell phone carrier.For example, parents can keep track of their children through this service (Goggin 136). This is especially useful when dealing with teenage children who may sometimes involve themselves in deviant behavior if not well supervised by the parents. In addition, if one is lost, one can determine the location by using the GPS service in the cellular phone (Stewart, 2008). In fact, this service may also be used to track vehicles in case of a car robbery. This works by fitting a vehicle with a SIM card, which the vehicle owner can communicate with to determine the vehicle’s location.The cellular phone acts as a transmitter, which makes this kind of tracking possible (Unhelkar 36). This application h as also gained prominence in the tracking of lost cellular phones even if they are switched off. The Samsung Corporation presently has phone tracking as a standard feature in its cellular phone models, which makes it possible for a person to track a lost or stolen phone. Cellular phones have greatly reduced in size since their inception. This has made them become known as mobile devices meaning they can be easily be carried along, fitting in confined spaces like in the pocket of an individual.The miniaturization of this device has gained much from advancement in technology. One of these gains is from the increase in range that the device can be used. Cellular phones can now be used over longer ranges than before (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, the cellular phone incorporates multiple devices, all compressed into a mobile device. Thirdly, with the use of accessories like hands free, the cellular phone may allow increased mobility of the user (Unhelkar 98). Fourthly, the present cellular phone has almost similar capabilities as a laptop computer, only smaller.For instance, the Iphone by Apple Inc. is able to do anything, similar to a regular laptop (Goggin 77). However, the Iphone has the advantage is being smaller thus enhancing mobility of the user. Cellular phones have gained tremendously from major technological advancements to the benefit of the society. Originally, cellular phones only provided voice call services. However, cellular phones now provide a varied bouquet of services, which include messaging, video calls and video conferencing, chatting, and sharing of photos (Stewart, 2008).Major innovations in cellular phones have seen them become more that communication devises due to incorporation of other functionalities. Firstly, one of these functionalities includes calculators, alarms, and reminders, which assist in personal organization (Easton 291). Secondly, the cellular phone has incorporated entertainment applications, which include games, music, and video playing capabilities (Goggin 130). Thirdly, the cellular phone has also incorporated traditional mass communication devises like the television and radio (Hanson 73).Finally, the cellular phone now includes cameras, voice and video recorders and flashlights (Hanson 91). All this make the cellular phone a compact tool with multiple functions for the convenience of the user. The cellular phones have contributed to enhancement of economic productivity in various ways. Firstly, cell phones have removed the necessity of physical meetings by offering video conferencing services and other services where more than two people can speech to each other at the same time (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, business transactions can take place faster and remotely.For instance, one can pay for goods using mobile money transfers via cell phones without having to send the money physically (Easton 19). Thirdly, cellular phones now have several applications like calendars, reminders, voice recorders, alarms, and note keepers that help in the organization of the activities of an individual (Admin, 2010). Lastly, businesses can now advertise their products through the cellular phone. Such advertisements come in form of text messages and picture messages and may sometimes be accompanied with prize rewards (Easton 121).This phenomenon is proliferated by the low cost of using cellular phones as opposed to the traditional advertisement that uses commercials and posters to get the attention of probable customers. All this applications have improved efficiency and convenience of doing business while keeping the cost low thus enhancing productivity. The cellular phone has immensely increased the access to internet and its related services. It is now possible to obtain an internet-enabled cellular phone at a low price depending of the connectivity technology used.There are several technologies in use for accessing internet via cellular phones and these include GPRS, EDGE, 2G, WAP, 3G, 3. 5G, UTMS, and HSPDA among others (Hanson 42). These technologies differ in speed, range, and volume transfer capabilities. Access to internet opens up a world of other possibilities of applications of the cellular phone, which include modes of communication, commerce, knowledge acquisition, health and other social issues. For instance, increased internet access increases the proliferation of online communities where individuals can discuss and share their interests through social media (Katz 78).Secondly, increased access to internet facilitates commerce. This includes online business transactions, marketing, and product improvement through customer feedback among others (Hanson 59). Thirdly, it broadens and even transforms the ways of doing business by offering low cost alternatives suitable for small business startups, which may have a positive effect in the society’s wellbeing (Unhelkar 41). Lastly, increased internet access facilitates globalization (Katz 33). This is due to the increased sharing of culture and broadening of economies without the confines of geographical borders.It is evident that the cellular phone has had profound effect on the society, which is largely positive. These include enhanced communication speeds and quality, increased feeling of security among individuals, increased mobility of the user and advancement in technology, which has brought many devices and functionalities into the cellular phone. In addition, the cellular phone has contributed immensely to increased productivity and increased internet access. From these aspects, the society has gained much from the cell phone. Works Cited Admin. â€Å"Cell Phones and Their Positive Effects in the Society. Cell Phone Brands and News for Cell Phone Fans. N. P. , 30 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. They have played an important and positive role when it comes to the operation of different businesses. Baldwin, Anya. â€Å"Positive Effects of Cellphone Technology in the Workplace. † Small Business. n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Multiple Lines, More Direct Line of Communication, On-Call Availability, and Texting, is all available when using a cell phone. Easton, Jaclyn. Going Wireless: Transform Your Business with Mobile Technology. New York: Harper Business, 2002. Print.In this journalist story, Jaclyn Easton talks about the advantages of wirelessly fortifying your mobile workforce of itinerant executive, sales personnel, also field service technicians as well as how wireless is dramatically redefining customer service, marketing advertising. Goggin, Gerard. Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Drawing on a range of national, regional, and international examples, this text explores the new forms of consumption and use of communication and media technology that the phenomenon of mobiles represents.Hanson, Jarice. 24/7: How Cell Phones and the Internet Change the Way We Live, Work, and Play. Westport, Conn: P raeger, 2007. Print. The revolution in online services and mobile phone use changed our lives at the turn of the 21st century. This book demonstrates that these technologies enable us to work and play 24/7 Katz, James. Magic in the Air: Mobile Communication and the Transformation of Social Life. New Brunswick, N. J: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Print. In this volume, James E. Katz, a leading authority on social consequences of communication technology, nalyzes the way new mobile telecommunications affect daily life both in the United States and around the world. Murray, James. Wireless Nation: The Frenzied Launch of the Cellular Revolution in America. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. , 2001. Print. Wireless Nation details how the genesis of the cell phone business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. But this colorful, engaging account of cellular's strange history is much more than a business narrative. Pandey, Kundan. Advantages of mobile phones. 3 December 2012. Web. 15 March 2013. It is hard to im agine a world without cell phones now. Stewart, Douglas. How Cell Phones Have Changed Our Lives. † Articlesbase. com. 28 May 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Cell phones made multitasking a brand new meaning. You can talk to family members that far away, if you are lost you have GPS or can call for help. Many more advantages come from cell phones. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. Unhelkar, Bhuvan. Handbook of Research in Mobile Business: Technical, Methodological, and Social Perspectives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2009. Print. This book collects the latest research advances in the rapidly evolving field of mobile business Cell Phone Tia Jeffries English 101 Mrs. Baker 17 March 2013 Positive Effects of Cellular Phones in Society The cellular phone is perhaps one of the greatest innovations known to man. The cellular phone coupled with technological advancements has influenced the lives of people from all lifestyles globally. However, the cellular phone has undergone massive evolution over time from the bulky hand-held telephone at its beginning to the hand-held mobile devices it is today. Through evolution the cellular phone has a positive effect on society. The cellular phone started essentially as a communication device.However, it has evolved into a personal organizer, a mobile office, an instrument of distribution of culture and knowledge among other utilities. The society has seemingly evolved alongside the cellular phone. Notable, is the effect the cellular phone has had on the manner the society communicates, engages in business, entertains itself, and generates popular culture (Hanson 213). The present so ciety is so reliable on the cellular phone that it cannot imagine a day without it. In essence, the cellular phone has helped today’s society to be what it is by influencing literary every aspect of living in the twenty-first century.This includes being interconnected, more knowledgeable, innovative, and globalized. What follows are a few aspects of the society that have benefitted from the cellular phone. Communication is perhaps the single biggest gain for the society because of cellular phones. Although this was the original intention of the cellular phones during their inception, advancements in this area has seen increased benefits to the society (Murray 59). To begin with, people may easily keep in touch globally through voice services and short messaging services (sms) also known as texting (Baldwin, n. d. . In addition, advanced models of cellular phones allow sending of electronic mail and sharing of photos and videos (Pandey, 2012). Major advancements in the increas e of frequencies of cellular communication and broadening of data transfer bandwidths allow exchange of large contents of information. One of such advancements that come with improved cellular phone models is video calls that allow regular phone voice calls to be accompanied by videos of the caller and the receiver (Katz 212). This gives a near realistic effect to communication that resembles face-to-face communication.Increased accessibility to mobile devises has also contributed greatly to the number of people able to communicate using cellular phones (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have also drastically reduced the cost of communication. This has been occasioned by the low costs of calling as compare to the previous models of using fixed line telephones, which cost more especially for long distance calls. In addition, the cost of the cellular phones themselves has drastically reduced due to increased competition among manufactures and improved manufacturing technologies. The fact that cellular phones are hand-held devices makes communication convenient.One can communicate while engaging in other activities like walking, queuing at a bank or supermarket, and riding in a bus, train, or car. This allows people to multitask which saves time (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have increased the level of safety and the feeling of security in the society. This is because a cell phone is a mobile device that is carried by people everywhere they are. Therefore, the cell phone becomes useful in times of emergency. For instance, one may call for help in cases of motor accidents, sudden sickness, robbery, elevator failure, and other similar events (Stewart, 2008).In fact, cell phones are coded at the manufacturing factory, with emergency call numbers that one can use, even if one does not have calling units; what is referred to as emergency service. These include 911, police line numbers, ambulance numbers, customer care numbers for calling the cell phone service provider s among others. There are also other service numbers that may be used on emergencies where the receiver of the call absorbs the calling charge also known as 0-800- service. The cellular phone, through GPS may be used to track individuals and determine the location of a cell phone carrier.For example, parents can keep track of their children through this service (Goggin 136). This is especially useful when dealing with teenage children who may sometimes involve themselves in deviant behavior if not well supervised by the parents. In addition, if one is lost, one can determine the location by using the GPS service in the cellular phone (Stewart, 2008). In fact, this service may also be used to track vehicles in case of a car robbery. This works by fitting a vehicle with a SIM card, which the vehicle owner can communicate with to determine the vehicle’s location.The cellular phone acts as a transmitter, which makes this kind of tracking possible (Unhelkar 36). This application h as also gained prominence in the tracking of lost cellular phones even if they are switched off. The Samsung Corporation presently has phone tracking as a standard feature in its cellular phone models, which makes it possible for a person to track a lost or stolen phone. Cellular phones have greatly reduced in size since their inception. This has made them become known as mobile devices meaning they can be easily be carried along, fitting in confined spaces like in the pocket of an individual.The miniaturization of this device has gained much from advancement in technology. One of these gains is from the increase in range that the device can be used. Cellular phones can now be used over longer ranges than before (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, the cellular phone incorporates multiple devices, all compressed into a mobile device. Thirdly, with the use of accessories like hands free, the cellular phone may allow increased mobility of the user (Unhelkar 98). Fourthly, the present cellular phone has almost similar capabilities as a laptop computer, only smaller.For instance, the Iphone by Apple Inc. is able to do anything, similar to a regular laptop (Goggin 77). However, the Iphone has the advantage is being smaller thus enhancing mobility of the user. Cellular phones have gained tremendously from major technological advancements to the benefit of the society. Originally, cellular phones only provided voice call services. However, cellular phones now provide a varied bouquet of services, which include messaging, video calls and video conferencing, chatting, and sharing of photos (Stewart, 2008).Major innovations in cellular phones have seen them become more that communication devises due to incorporation of other functionalities. Firstly, one of these functionalities includes calculators, alarms, and reminders, which assist in personal organization (Easton 291). Secondly, the cellular phone has incorporated entertainment applications, which include games, music, and video playing capabilities (Goggin 130). Thirdly, the cellular phone has also incorporated traditional mass communication devises like the television and radio (Hanson 73).Finally, the cellular phone now includes cameras, voice and video recorders and flashlights (Hanson 91). All this make the cellular phone a compact tool with multiple functions for the convenience of the user. The cellular phones have contributed to enhancement of economic productivity in various ways. Firstly, cell phones have removed the necessity of physical meetings by offering video conferencing services and other services where more than two people can speech to each other at the same time (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, business transactions can take place faster and remotely.For instance, one can pay for goods using mobile money transfers via cell phones without having to send the money physically (Easton 19). Thirdly, cellular phones now have several applications like calendars, reminders, voice recorders, alarms, and note keepers that help in the organization of the activities of an individual (Admin, 2010). Lastly, businesses can now advertise their products through the cellular phone. Such advertisements come in form of text messages and picture messages and may sometimes be accompanied with prize rewards (Easton 121).This phenomenon is proliferated by the low cost of using cellular phones as opposed to the traditional advertisement that uses commercials and posters to get the attention of probable customers. All this applications have improved efficiency and convenience of doing business while keeping the cost low thus enhancing productivity. The cellular phone has immensely increased the access to internet and its related services. It is now possible to obtain an internet-enabled cellular phone at a low price depending of the connectivity technology used.There are several technologies in use for accessing internet via cellular phones and these include GPRS, EDGE, 2G, WAP, 3G, 3. 5G, UTMS, and HSPDA among others (Hanson 42). These technologies differ in speed, range, and volume transfer capabilities. Access to internet opens up a world of other possibilities of applications of the cellular phone, which include modes of communication, commerce, knowledge acquisition, health and other social issues. For instance, increased internet access increases the proliferation of online communities where individuals can discuss and share their interests through social media (Katz 78).Secondly, increased access to internet facilitates commerce. This includes online business transactions, marketing, and product improvement through customer feedback among others (Hanson 59). Thirdly, it broadens and even transforms the ways of doing business by offering low cost alternatives suitable for small business startups, which may have a positive effect in the society’s wellbeing (Unhelkar 41). Lastly, increased internet access facilitates globalization (Katz 33). This is due to the increased sharing of culture and broadening of economies without the confines of geographical borders.It is evident that the cellular phone has had profound effect on the society, which is largely positive. These include enhanced communication speeds and quality, increased feeling of security among individuals, increased mobility of the user and advancement in technology, which has brought many devices and functionalities into the cellular phone. In addition, the cellular phone has contributed immensely to increased productivity and increased internet access. From these aspects, the society has gained much from the cell phone. Works Cited Admin. â€Å"Cell Phones and Their Positive Effects in the Society. Cell Phone Brands and News for Cell Phone Fans. N. P. , 30 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. They have played an important and positive role when it comes to the operation of different businesses. Baldwin, Anya. â€Å"Positive Effects of Cellphone Technology in the Workplace. † Small Business. n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Multiple Lines, More Direct Line of Communication, On-Call Availability, and Texting, is all available when using a cell phone. Easton, Jaclyn. Going Wireless: Transform Your Business with Mobile Technology. New York: Harper Business, 2002. Print.In this journalist story, Jaclyn Easton talks about the advantages of wirelessly fortifying your mobile workforce of itinerant executive, sales personnel, also field service technicians as well as how wireless is dramatically redefining customer service, marketing advertising. Goggin, Gerard. Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Drawing on a range of national, regional, and international examples, this text explores the new forms of consumption and use of communication and media technology that the phenomenon of mobiles represents.Hanson, Jarice. 24/7: How Cell Phones and the Internet Change the Way We Live, Work, and Play. Westport, Conn: P raeger, 2007. Print. The revolution in online services and mobile phone use changed our lives at the turn of the 21st century. This book demonstrates that these technologies enable us to work and play 24/7 Katz, James. Magic in the Air: Mobile Communication and the Transformation of Social Life. New Brunswick, N. J: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Print. In this volume, James E. Katz, a leading authority on social consequences of communication technology, nalyzes the way new mobile telecommunications affect daily life both in the United States and around the world. Murray, James. Wireless Nation: The Frenzied Launch of the Cellular Revolution in America. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. , 2001. Print. Wireless Nation details how the genesis of the cell phone business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. But this colorful, engaging account of cellular's strange history is much more than a business narrative. Pandey, Kundan. Advantages of mobile phones. 3 December 2012. Web. 15 March 2013. It is hard to im agine a world without cell phones now. Stewart, Douglas. How Cell Phones Have Changed Our Lives. † Articlesbase. com. 28 May 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Cell phones made multitasking a brand new meaning. You can talk to family members that far away, if you are lost you have GPS or can call for help. Many more advantages come from cell phones. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. Unhelkar, Bhuvan. Handbook of Research in Mobile Business: Technical, Methodological, and Social Perspectives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2009. Print. This book collects the latest research advances in the rapidly evolving field of mobile business

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Platos Symposium Essay - 1797 Words

Platos Symposium What is the meaning of love? What does love feel like? How does love come about? No one can truly explain it, yet somehow its understood. In Platos Symposium, a dinner party was held with the discussion of love as the main topic. Everyone was required to make a speech, an ode to Love, the spirit. The philosopher, Socrates gave his speech last, claiming that his speech was merely a repetition of what a wise woman named Diotima once told him. The speech was a powerful one, but before the night was over, a drunk Alcibiades entered. He was asked to make a eulogy for Love as well, but instead, talked about the nature of Socrates. The nature of Love and the nature of Socrates turned out to be extremely similar. In†¦show more content†¦In fact, he was a vagrant, with tough, dry skin(203d). Love took after his mother, Poverty, with the trait of a constant need. However, he also had characteristics gained from his father, Plenty. Love enjoyed chasing things of beauty and value(203d), and was filled with courage, impetuosity, and energy(203d). He had a desire for knowledge, and was resourceful. Magic, herbs, and words were skills at his disposal. Socrates was not the most sensitive or attractive man. He showed up to the dinner party half way through dinner, hardly caring about his late entrance. He was very blunt when asking questions as well. Just before Agathons speech, he asked Agathon a series of questions that almost trapped him into looking extremely foolish(194b-e). Socrates liked to chase things of beauty and value as well. He was always found socializing with attractive people, and his greatest desire was knowledge. His mind was bursting with ideas of virtue and wisdom, and it was this wisdom that showed him love. Socrates had a mind that held the most important and attractive kind of wisdom by far... self-discipline(209a). His self-discipline was seen when Agathon described Socrates attitude while under military service. When food provisions were cut, everyone seemed unable to cope, yet he never complained once. Then when there was plenty of food, he was able to make it last the longest. He could out drink anyone that challenged him, but never seemed to ever beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Platos Symposium692 Words   |  3 PagesThough not as philosophical as many of Platos other works, The Symposium gives a greater in depth account and characterization into the social life of the intellectual circles in Ancient Greece. The eulogies from each of the philosophers at the discussion examine the origins and theories of love in its many forms. Several of the theories and themes discussed in The Symposium are repeated as well as contrasted by each of the orators. The themes of physical love an d lust, and reproduction are mostRead MoreEssay Platos Symposium1171 Words   |  5 PagesPlatos Symposium Platos metaphor of the divided line is essentially two worlds; the world of opinion (the physical world or the world of becoming/existence) and the world of knowledge (the world of knowledge or the world of being/essence). This concept is key to the context of The Symposium: Love. It is important to note that as the speeches evolve throughout this particular work they parallel this concept. Plato has, in this writers opinion, reinforced his theory through the speakersRead More Context and Contradictions in Platos Phaedrus and Platos Symposium1970 Words   |  8 PagesContext and Contradictions in Platos Phaedrus and Platos Symposium It is well known that Plato, a devoted student of Socrates, chronicled many of Socrates speeches and conversations. Every so often one can find instances where Socrates and other players in these conversations seem to contradict themselves, or at least muddle their arguments. One such occurrence of this is in Platos Symposium and Platos Phaedrus. Both texts speak of love in its physical sense, both texts describe love andRead MorePlatonic Love In Platos Symposium1415 Words   |  6 PagesPlato’s Symposium attempts to define the eclectic theory of love, a theory that is often believed to be the universal principle that guides mankind’s actions. Plato introduces several narratives in the form of a dialogue that seek to characterize this multifaceted theory of Eros. The meaning of love naturally varies in each narrative. Yet, in this dialogue of love, Plato presents a metaphysical approach to understanding the ambiguous meaning of love. Ultimately, Plato values the perenn ial quest forRead MoreEssay on Tragedy of Alcibiades in Platos Symposium1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tragedy of Alcibiades in Platos Symposium In Symposium, a selection from The Dialogues of Plato, Plato uses historical allusions to demonstrate Alcibiades’ frustration with both social expectations for the phallus and his inability to meet these expectations. Alcibiades’ inability to have a productive sexual relationship effectively castrates him and demonstrates the impotence caused by an overemphasis on eroticism. The tragedy of Alcibiades is that he realizes he is unable to gain virtueRead MoreForms of Love in Platos Symposium Essay2587 Words   |  11 PagesGreek literature, is commonly considered as a prominent theme. Love, in present days, always appears in the categories of books, movies or music, etc. Interpreted differently by different people, Love turns into a multi-faceted being. In Plato’s work Symposium, Phaedrus, Pausania, Eryximachus, Aristophane and Agathon, each of them presents a speech to either praise or definite Love. Phaedrus first points out that Love is the primordial god; Pausanias brings the theme of â€Å"virtue† into the discussionRead More Significance of Feet in Plato’s Symposium Essay examples1926 Words   |  8 PagesThe Significance of Feet in Plato’s Symposium Plato’s Symposium presents an account of the party given at the house of Agathon, where Socrates and Alcibiades are in attendance. The men at the party take turns eulogizing the god Eros. In Agathon’s eulogy, he describes Eros as a soft and tender being. When Socrates speaks, however, he makes a correction of his host’s account, by saying the soft and tender thing is the beloved, and not the lover, as Agathon would have it. When Alcibiades entersRead More Gender-Based Notions of Homoerotic Love: Sappho and Plato’s Symposium1717 Words   |  7 PagesGender-Based Notions of Homoerotic Love: Sappho and Plato’s Symposium The poetry of Sappho, and the speeches in Plato’s Symposium both deal primarily with homoerotic love, although Sappho, one of the only female poets in Ancient Greece, speaks from the female perspective, while Plato’s work focuses on the nature of this love between men. There are several fundamental elements that are common to both perspectives, including similar ideals of youth and beauty, andRead MoreLove in Platos Symposium1227 Words   |  5 PagesLove in Platos Symposium I have always thought that there was only one type of love, which was that feeling of overwhelming liking to someone else. I am aware that Lust does exist and that it is separate from Love, being that the desire for someones body rather their mind. In Platos Symposium, Plato speaks of many different types of love, loves that can be taken as lust as well. He writes about seven different points of view on love coming from the speakers that attend the symposium in honorRead MorePlatos Symposium : The Nature Of Love1592 Words   |  7 Pages Plato’s Symposium describes the nature of love to be the driving force towards immortality. Aristophanes perpetuates this idea through his allegorical description of human’s original nature, and the component of the driving force of love within that nature. The underlying goal of this force of love is immortality, though he does not directly articulate it in his speech. It is with the emergence of Socrates’ ideas that we are equ ipped with sufficient evidence reinforcing Aristophanes’ story to be

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Architecture and Design for the Blind Client

Designing for the blind and visually impaired is an example of the concept of accessible design. Architects who embrace universal design understand that the needs of the blind and the sighted are not mutually exclusive. For example, orienting a structure to provide optimal light and ventilation has been advocated by architects from ancient Roman times all the way to more recent designers, such as Frank Lloyd Wright. Key Takeaways Architects can design with texture, sound, heat, and smell to define spaces and functions.Tactile cues, such as differences in floor textures and changes in temperature, provide landmarks for persons who cannot see.Universal design refers to design that meets the needs of all people, thus making spaces accessible to all. Blending Form with Function The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) went a long way to increase awareness of the importance of function in architecture. Great architecture for the blind and visually impaired is just like any other great architecture, only better, notes San Francisco architect Chris Downey, AIA. It looks and works the same while offering a richer and better involvement of all senses. Downey was a practicing architect when a brain tumor took his sight in 2008. With firsthand knowledge, he established the firm Architecture for the Blind and became an expert consultant for other designers. Likewise, when architect Jaime Silva lost his eyesight to congenital glaucoma, he gained a deeper perspective on how to design for the disabled. Today the Philippine-based architect consults with engineers and other architects to manage projects and promote universal design. What is Universal Design? Universal design is a big tent term, encompassing more familiar methods such as accessibility and barrier-free design. If a design is truly universal—meaning its for everyone—it is, by definition, accessible. In the built environment, accessibility means designed spaces that meet the needs of people with a wide range of abilities, including those who are blind or who have limited vision and associated cognitive difficulties. If the goal is universal design, everyone will be accommodated. Physical accommodations for a wide variety of needs is the common denominator in all universal design, which is why universality must begin with the design itself. The goal should be to incorporate accessibility into design rather than try to retrofit design to suit limitations. The Role of Blind Architects Communication and presentation are important skills for any architect. Visually impaired architects must be even more creative in getting across their ideas and are extremely useful to any organization or individual desiring to focus on inclusivity. With no prejudice with regard to the way things look visually—sometimes referred to as aesthetics—the blind architect will choose the most functional detail or material first. How it looks will come later. Accessibility and Self-Driving Cars. Brooks Kraft LLC/Corbis via Getty Images Understanding the Continuum of Visual Abilities Functional vision includes two areas: Visual acuity, or the corrected used of central vision to see details such as facial features or alphanumeric symbols.The field of vision, or the extent and capacity to identify objects peripheral to or around the central vision. In addition, difficulties with depth perception and contrast sensitivity are vision-associated problems. Vision abilities vary widely. Vision impairment is a catch-all term that includes people with any visual deficit that cannot be corrected by wearing glasses or contact lenses. Visual impairments have a continuum of identifiers specific to the laws of specific countries. In the United States, low vision and partially sighted are general terms for a continuum of functionality that may vary from week to week or even hour to hour. Legal blindness is not necessarily the same as total blindness. Legally blind in the U.S. is defined by corrected central vision being less than 20/200 in the better eye and/or the field of vision being limited to 20 degrees or less. That is, having only one eye does not make a person blind. Totally blind is generally the inability to use light, although the perception of light and dark may or may not exist. People are said to have light perception if they can detect light and determine from which direction the light is coming, explains the American Printing House for the Blind (APH). Another type of blindness is called cortical visual impairment (CVI), which is a neurological disorder, pointing out that vision is a process involving the eye and the brain. Colors, Illumination, Textures, Heat, Sound, and Balance What do blind people see? Many people who are legally blind actually have some vision. When designing for the blind or visually impaired there are a number of elements that can be included to enhance accessibility. Bright colors, wall murals, and changes in illumination can help those whose vision is limited.Incorporating entryways and vestibules into all architectural design helps eyes adapt to illumination changes.Tactile cues, including different floor and sidewalk textures as well as changes in heat and sound, can provide landmarks for persons who cannot see.A distinctive faà §ade may help distinguish the location of a home without having to count and keep track.Sound is an important directive for people without visual cues.Smart technology is already being built into homes, allowing intelligent personal assistants to help occupants with numerous tasks. Sources ï » ¿American Foundation for the Blind. Key Definitions of Statistical Terms. Blindness Basics. American Printing House for the Blind.Silva, Jaime. Personal Narratives: Whats Disability to Me? World Health Organization, June 2011Downey, Chris. Design with the blind in mind. TED Talk, October 2013Downey, Chris. Profile. Architecture for the Blind. Goben, Jan. Architect is visionary for the blind. AFriendlyHouse.com. McGray, Douglas. Design Within Reach: A blind architect relearns his craft. The Atlantic, October 2010 Design Guidelines for the Visual Environment. The Low Vision Design Program of the National Institute of Building Sciences, May 2015